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TLA is ISO 27001 Lead Auditor more...
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Telecom and Logistics Associates est spécialisé en réseaux et sécurité informatique. Intervient auprès de ses clients comme auditeurs ou pour la préparation à la certification ISO 27001 de la sécurité des systèmes d'information. Pour en savoir plus ... |
| Do You Know What Your Users Do On Internet | FLA Firewall Reporting And Archiving |
Removing Roaming Profile
How to remove ex-employees roaming profiles from the various machines they may have sat at ? Most of our staff have no specific desk, so sit wherever they can. This obviously results in their profile being scattered around. When someone leaves, is there a way of doing it as a batch job rather than from one machine at a time.
more...
Profile and Folder Redirection In Windows Server 2003
Assigning roaming profiles to users can greatly reduce your day to day workload. However, implementing roaming profiles can become a nightmare unless you know how to avoid the performance problems associated with them. In this article I will discuss the advantages and the common pitfalls associated with roaming profiles.
more...
Creating a Roaming User Profile
Creating a roaming user profile is a two-step process. First you create a test user profile, and then you copy the test user profile to a network server.
more...
Advanced troubleshooting for network printing problems in Windows XP
This article describes how to troubleshoot difficulties that may occur when you try to print to a network printer in Windows XP. This article is intended for advanced computer users. If you are not comfortable with advanced troubleshooting, you might want to ask someone for help or contact support.
more...
10 tech certifications that actually mean something
There are hundreds of tech certification programs and exams out there, some sponsored by software vendors, some by vendor-neutral organizations, and some by educational institutions. A number of them are easy to obtain — as evidenced by the many IT pros who list a three-line string of acronyms after their names. You pay your money and you take a multiple-choice test; if you pass, you’re in.
more...
How to copy a roaming directory from one server to another server
Roaming profiles are pretty useful, but they do only work if you have a domain controller (not much use for home networks therefore). Due to the security settings on them though they can be difficult to move from one file server to another. Here is a procedure that I use.
more...
NTFS and share Permissions windows 2003
The concept of permissions in a Microsoft environment is one of the more confusing subjects that certification candidates face, but a very necessary topic to know as many of Microsoft's certification exams test on this. This guide aims to help you understand the different the various types of permissions and how to use them in Windows 2000 and 2003 environments.
more...
Ophcrack password cracker
The Ophcrack Windows password cracker is by far the best among the free Windows password recovery tools available. It's fast and easy enough for a first time password cracker with a basic knowledge of Windows.
Save yourself time and energy by skipping past all of the other tools out there (even the "professional" password recovery software packages costing hundreds of dollars) and download, burn and use the LiveCD version of Ophcrack.
more...
Tools for Downloading YouTube Videos
YouTube is a streaming video service. That means that it streams its videos from its site to your computer screen. You don’t actually download and save the videos to your computer; the videos are streamed in real time to your web browser, using the Adobe Flash Player.
The problem with the streaming video approach is that the videos you watch aren’t saved to your PC’s hard drive; if you want to watch a video at a later time when you’re not connected to the Internet, you can’t.
more...
Testing Fault Injection in Local Applications
How to Import Contacts from Excel or a CSV File into Outlook
Virtual Security and Digital Panic
Connecting your Xbox 360 to your home wireless network
So you've got your X-box 360 or plan
on getting one this holiday season.
I can tell you that hooking up to
Xbox live is an absolute must for
360 owners. Even if you don't plan
on paying for a membership to Xbox
live, you'll still have access to a
lot of great online features.. more...
iPod and PSP Movie on Windows mobile 6
JSP Understanding Login Authentication
When you try to access a protected web resource, the web container activates the authentication mechanism that has been configured for that resource. You can specify the following authentication mechanisms:
If you do not specify one of these mechanisms, the user will not be authenticated.
more...
Tools for Performing Host Reconnaissance
We have updated our list of tools for performing host reconnaissance. Most of them are used in different phases of host penetration tests.
more...
Cross Site Scripting Java Input Validation
SQL Injection, Handling Java Web Application Input
ASP.NET 2.0 Security Reference Implementation
C# String Comparison Functions
Understanding Paths in ASP.NET
Browsing Windows 2000/2003 groups with ASP and ADSI
How to enumerate all web sites with c#
The c# source code below is for a very simple console application that will display a simple list of the web sites on the local computer.
It uses the System.DirectoryServices assembly to provide access to the IIS Metabase. This must be specifically added to the References section of your Visual Studio.NET project (if you are using Visual Studio.NET ).
. more...
Getting Started With C# On Linux
When Microsoft launched its .NET strategy, one of the objectives was to allow software to be written for a variety of different platforms. It submitted .NET to ECMA for standardization and many people now consider it to be more "open" and accessible than the Java platform.
Miguel de Icaza, the founder of Ximian is working on Mono - an open source implementation of the .NET framework which runs under Linux.
. more...
Web Services Security
Installing and Configuring NTP on VMware ESX Server
How to enable Remote Control On XP
Terminal Server 2003 Console session
The System Preparation Tool (Sysprep) in Windows XP: an Overview
Massive hacker attack slows but fails to bring down Internet
Windows Mobile 6 First Impressions
Exchange Migration from 5.5 to 2003
Checkpoint and Daylight Saving Time 2007
Exchange and Daylight Saving Time 2007
Active Directory Replication
VPN Quarantine with RQS.EXE
Manage XP firewall through GPO
Suse User Administration
Bluetooth cracking tools released
HID Attack (attacking HID host implementations)
Check Point Completes Acquisition of NFR Security
Office 2007 on Trial
Wirelessly Stream Your Media with Monsoon HAVA
Windows Genuine Advantage: An Overview and Screenshot Gallery
Getting the Most from Your Media Center
DNS Conditional Forwarding in Windows Server 2003
Comment créer des CD-Roms démarrable
Avec cette méthode de création de CD-Rom de démarrage, vous (technicien informatique) pouvez préparer toute la structure des CD-Rom. Ensuite, n'importe qui (sans connaissance en gravure) peut facilement créer un CD-Rom, en plaçant ses fichiers personnels, et en lançant un fichier batch. more...
Podcasting for iTunes & iTS podcast directory
Compliance and Encryption
Vista Already Vulnerable?
A Cost Analysis of Windows Vista Content Protection
Interview with JBuilder 2007 Product Manager
Using Netdom to Integrate computers in Domain
Dell Switches
Kernel Korner - Exploring Dynamic Kernel Module Support (DKMS)
Check point eventia enhancements provide easier real-time forensic investigations
What is RSS?
How does a cross-site request forgery work?
Check Point Software to acquire hardware security platform.
What Brings ISO 27001
Pure Hacking wins global Open Web Security award
November Microsoft Patch With 2 At Critical Level
Microsoft XML Core Services XMLHTTP ActiveX control vulnerability
Allchin backs away from Vista anti-virus claims
Check Point Launches Z100G, Secure Home Wi-router
Check
Point ZoneAlarm Secure Wireless
Router Z100G will be sold as a
standalone appliance, or bundled
with five copies of the award-winning
ZoneAlarm Internet Security Suite
software. more...
No Third Party Security Needed For Vista?
Check Point: Ready to Continue with Channel Partners
Check Point: Security Must Focus On Desktop Policy
New Windows attack can kill firewall
Last Saturday hackers have published code that could let an attacker disable the Windows Firewall on certain Windows XP machines. more...
TCP over HTTP
Many people are trying to (mis)use HTTP to create a full-duplex connection between the client and server. However, there are a number of problems in doing so. I will try to explain here what they are, and under what circumstances you can possibly get it to work. At the end is also a method that doesn't actually use HTTP at all, but is related. .more...
Check Point Supports Handhelds on SSL VPNs
Check Point plans to introduce a software client that makes it possible to access non-Web applications via handheld devices over Internet-based SSL VPNs. .more...
Writting an Extension for Firefox
One of the best things about Firefox and Thunderbird is that they have a well defined extension mechanism. If there's some feature you feel is completely missing, you can go ahead and add it. It's relatively easy to do — you don't have to fiddle about with a C compiler because extensions are mostly written in a combination of XML and ECMAScript. .more...
Check Point DBedit import of objects
When planning a migration to checkpoint from some other firewall in the near future. The way to at least import nodes (we have over a 1000 of them and copying them by hand would take a lot of precious time...). We exported them on the current firewall and we have them in text format.la suite...
Inforum 06: Un Succès Avec Microsoft et Swisscom
Après les remerciements aux exposants et aux visiteurs présents, le salon Inforum s'est clos après trois jours fortement animés avec des orateurs et des présentation variées et d'un très bon niveau. Pour conclure cette troisième journée nous avons pu participer au premier speed dating d'entreprise organisé par l'OPI. En trois minutes chrono en main chacun présente son entreprise avant que la cloche suisse retentisse pour signifier la fin de l'intervention. la suite...
Ouvert mardi par le président du conseil d'Etat genevois Pierre-François Hunger, cette manifestation a été un succès.la suite...
Analyst writes Check Point CEO
One of the most read articles on Network
World's Web site this week is an
open letter to Check Point's founder Gil
Shwed written by analyst Richard Stiennon.
more...
Inforum 06: Le Microsoft Day
C'est devant une
assistance très compacte que c'est
ouvert à l'event center de la
Praille à Genève la seconde journée
d'inforum. Devant un public très
compact la session pleinière qui a
duré toute la matinée était vraiment
consacré à VISTA, office 2007
et SharePoint. Ce sont les chevaux
de bataille de Microsoft pour cette
fin d'année et le début 2007. Cela
coincide avec inforum et a attiré un
nombreux public.
more...
Implementing Enterprise Data Security and Meeting Compliance Requirements - Strategy, Tools and Processes
This article is a
case study about an Enterprise Data
Security project including the
strategy that addresses key areas of
focus for database security
encompassing all major RDBMS
platforms. It presents the current
state of database security tools and
processes, the current needs of a
typical enterprise, and a plan for
evolving the data security. This
strategy will help set direction for
the blueprint of data security and
provide a composite high level view
of data security policies and
procedures for the purpose of
satisfying growing regulatory and
compliance requirements and develop
high level timeline and for all
steps of development. This article
presents a three steps strategy to
address current outstanding audit
concerns and positioning to more
readily address the evolving
regulatory landscape.
more...
Swisscom Day et BlueWin TVA Inforum
Swisscom met en service le Bluewin TV qui
permet d'obtenir la télévision par Internet.
Cette introduction est quelque chose de
superbe. Elle nous a été annoncée dans le
cadre du salon Inforum qui se tenait à
Genève du 31 octobre au 2 novembre, lors du
swisscom day. On nous a aussi présenté la
mutation du réseau de swisscom vers un tout
en IP.
more...
Check Point New HFA Released
Check
Point Release Notifications alert
registered customers to the
availability of the latest Hot Fix
Accumulators (HFAs) and other
valuable software updates as soon as
they are released. HFAs and other
software updates help you avoid
potential issues and maximize the
security and benefits of your Check
Point products.
more...
Wall Street seeks details on Check Point analysis
The financial world today learned
firsthand from a prominent network security
expert how he believes
Check Point should proceed if it wants
to dominate other
security vendors, including the major
networking vendors that also sell security
gear.
more...
Bluewin TV Sur Internet
Selon
les rumeurs de la fébrile communauté
de la télévision sur Internet en
Suisse, l'opérateur national
Swisscom serait sur le point de
lancer son nouveau service de
télévision en ligne. Selon ce que
l'on peut lire sur des forums et
blog d'initiés, ce ne serait pas
moins de 170 chaînes qui pourraient
être disponible par le net.
Check Point blocks certain AD Trafic
From the Checkpoint mailing list an issue
concerning Active Directory trafic accros
VPNs has pulled our attention. As a member
stated an issue with a connection accros a
VPN network for integration of a station in
AD we have seen that the solution was
already available by Microsoft. The issue
lies in integration of certain services in
Windows 2003 server SP1. Here below you will
find some explanation.
more...
Essai du Bluewin TV 300 De Swisscom
Nous venons de terminer notre
premières série d'essais du Bluewin TV 300.
Cet appareil permet d'enregistrer sur son
disque dur des émissions de
télévision. Il va aisément remplacer votre
enregistreur VHS, mais pas votre
enregistreur de DVD.
more...
Swiss InfoSec 2006: Passer des directives aux facteurs de succès
Swiss Infosec 2006 dans sa deuxième
journée permet de passer des concepts et des
directives de sécurité aux facteurs de
succès nécessaire pour réaliser un projet de
sécurité. Pour cela plusieurs exemples
concrets ont été présentés et discuté avec
les participants.
more...
Swiss InfoSec 2006: Organiser sa sécurité
Swiss Infosec 2006 se
passe dans le comfort de l'"Airport
Center" de Zürich. La première
journée de cet événement qui durera
trois jours est consacré à
l'organisation de la sécurité. "La
sécurité informatique nécessite plus
que des investissements matériels
dans du hardware et du software".
C'est en ces termes que l'ouverture
de la journée a été effectué devant
une cinquantaine de spécialistes de
la sécurité.
more...
Mobile : Google Transcodes Web Pages
Did you find
it difficult to navigate from your mobile
device through web sites that are complex
have many commercials and a lot of pictures.
Google proposes a proxy service that strips
of all that information leaving you with the usefull one.
more...
Just After A Few Hours IE 7 First Vulnerability
A few hours after Microsoft released
Internet Explorer 7 the first vulnerability
affecting it has been reported.
And the first reported Vulnerability
in the new browser. Are we going to be
dealing with another Swiss-Cheese full of
holes browser in time, possibly.
more...
Check Point Software Q3 Results
After reviewing
the results for the company after
the third quartal, Check Point
is doing well and continues to
progress. In the following lines you
will see that 45-50% of it's revenue
are coming from subscriptions. This
means that an important part is for
the maintenance fees. Sales of new
products
and services is the remaining part
which represents 50-55% of its
revenue. This is due to that
base of satisfied customers that
continues to extend their operations
and add news Check Point systems.
more...
Video Streaming How To
This tutorial covers the different types of
video streaming on the internet and
introduces the two main methods of streaming
video: Streaming servers (true streaming)
and HTTP streaming. This tutorial is
suitable for people who are familiar
with basic digital video concepts,
and who understand how websites work
more...
Check Point VPN-1 UTM Edge security device
Check Point’s VPN-1 UTM Edge is a
security appliance designed to
protect remote branch offices where
expertise may be limited or
non-existent. Price starts at 403.-
CHF excluding VAT.
more...
Check Point Released The NGX R62 Version
Check Point has released the NGX R62
version of VPN-1 gateways and SMART
management solutions, including
VPN-1 Power, VPN-1 UTM, SmartCenter
and Provider-1. The most significant
enhancement in this release is the
enablement of SmartDefense Profiles.
more...
Check Point Channel Chief Makes A Pledge
Amnon Bar-Lev says better days are just around the corner for Check Point Software Technologies partners. Bar-Lev, vice president of field operations and technical services at Check Point, took the helm of the Israel-based security vendor's channel program in July after Kevin Maloney left for an executive position at Network General.
Multiple Vendor Bluetooth Memory Stack Corruption Vulnerability
A flaw exists in the Toshiba Bluetooth wireless device driver, used by multiple vendors, that allows a remote attacker within wireless range of a Bluetooth device to perform a denial-of-service (DoS) attack or execute arbitrary code at the highest privilege level.
Comment Fonctionne Un Anti-Virus
Les Antivirus rivalisent souvent d'ingéniosité pour combattre les virus. Cependant ces derniers trouvent souvent la parade. Nous allons parler ici des différentes techniques utilisées par les Antivirus pour combattre leur raison de vivre.
Etes-Vous Prêt Pour IE 7
Le navigateur Internet Explorer 7 de Microsoft sera disponible à partir du 18 octobre en version anglaise si tous les tests de qualité auront étés passés avec succès. A la suite de cela la distribution automatique sera effectuée par windows update à partir du 1er novembre. Cette distribution automatique peut engendrer un certains nombre de problèmes sur les sites qui ne se seraient pas correctement préparé à cette migration. Il existe des outils pour évaluer et anticiper cette situation dans ce qui suit vous trouverez des explications et une marche à suivre.
Network Access Protection sur Windows Server 2003 R2
NAP (Network Access Protection), une fonction de mise en quarantaine qui interdira aux clients tout accès à un réseau tant qu’ils n’auront pas prouvé qu’ils sont en conformité avec la stratégie informatique de la société. Voici ce qu’il faut savoir sur NAP R2.
Evolution de La Sécurité Avec Windows Vista
Windows Vista est en effet la première version de Windows à être développée dans un cycle incluant dés le début les problématiques de sécurité (cycle baptisé par Microsoft : "Microsoft’s Security Development Lifecycle").
Suisse Superintendent Trojan
L'introduction d'un trojan pour l'écoute des conversations téléphoniques sur internet est un sujet qui a été soulevé par la SonntagsZeitung. Devant l'augmentation des conversations par VoIP sur Internet les instances fédérales se trouvent devant la difficulté de pouvoir surveiller des entretiens chiffrés.
Exploit Prevention Labs Releases September Exploit Prevalence Survey
Now in its fifth month, the Exploit
Prevalence Survey is the first
monthly survey to measure the top
web-borne exploits based on
real-world prevalence data. Results
are derived from automated reports
submitted by users of Exploit
Prevention Labs' SocketShield
anti-exploit
software, combined with exploit
distribution data captured from the
company's popular LinkScanner online
URL scanning service and network of
automated hunting-pots.
Check Point achieves EAL 4 Government Certification
Check Point Software has announced that the NGX version of VPN-1 Power and UTM, has been certified against the Common Criteria EAL 4 certification for VPN and IDS/IPS. Check Point has certified all four critical network security categories - firewall, VPN, IDS/IPS, and remote management - which provide agencies for governments worldwide with an integrated, proven security solution.
Check Point Unveils Federal Partner Program
Check Point Software Technologies rolled out a new federal government channel program, providing certifications for partners that are experts in solving the government's security needs.
Check Point offers a broad range of perimeter, internal, Web, and endpoint security solutions that help protect business communications and resources for networks and applications. The government program will credit partners that dedicate resources to the federal market with enhanced opportunities and technical resources.
Protecting Your Digital Certificate
When you accepted the Subscriber Agreement during the certificate application process, you agreed to protect your private key and to revoke it immediately if you know or suspect it has become compromised. Your digital certificate represents your identity on all transactions where you use your private key. You should protect your private key in the same way you would protect other vital information that impacts your identity, such as the PIN number you use to access an automated teller machine. You should also make a backup copy of your private key to protect yourself from loss through a hardware failure. If the hard drive on your computer failed and your private key was lost, you would no longer be able to decrypt information that was encrypted with your certificate.
Check Point Breaks Price-Performance Barrier for Most Demanding Security Installations Using Dual-Core Processors from Intel
Check Point® Software Technologies Ltd. (Nasdaq:CHKP), the worldwide leader in securing the Internet today announced a performance breakthrough for security software in demanding network security environments. By utilizing Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® Processor 5100 products, Check Point VPN-1® Power™ now offers the best-in-class performance of any integrated firewall, VPN and intrusion prevention software available in the security market by delivering 10 Gigabits per second (Gbps) of throughput – a security industry first delivered on an open-server platform. This combined technology surpasses the speed of expensive specialized hardware while offering customers the flexibility to take advantage of the most recent high performance hardware developments.
Group releases "temporary" VML patch; Microsoft's version coming soon
Microsoft consistently comes under fire for the way it handles security patches. The company has had problems with response time, buggy releases, and the negative effect that the patches have on third-party (and sometimes their own) software. But of those three problems, the response time issue seems to be raised the most, mainly because of the risk a user takes when surfing the web, downloading software, and reading e-mail on an unpatched system.
HP chief apologizes, denies he knew of hacking
Technology giant Hewlett-Packard's CEO Mark Hurd announced on Friday that he would replace the board's chair Patricia Dunn immediately and apologized for the extent of the spying that took place in the chairwoman's investigation of a media leak on the board of directors.
I Design Win and Initial Order from Check Point; Silicom's Cards to Be Incorporated into Check Point's Top-Performance Connectra Web Security Gateways
ISilicom Ltd. (NASDAQ:SILC)(TASE:SILC) today announced that it has launched a new product line of high-performance encryption cards designed to improve the throughput of Internet security appliances and network gateways. The products improve networking appliances' performance by independently executing encryption tasks, thereby accelerating the encryption process and freeing the appliances' CPU for other activities.
Intel, Check Point Say Chips, Software Set New Security Speed Standards
Intel (Nasdaq: INTC) and security vendor Check Point Software Technologies are launching a jointly developed solution they say maximizes Intel chips to produce faster data security products and eliminates bottlenecks that occur when massive amounts of data are filtered through slower processors.
Grisoft launches public beta for AVG Internet Security 7.5
Grisoft has released a public beta version of AVG Internet Security 7.5, its new anti-malware security suite. Additionally, public beta versions for the entire AVG 7.5 computer security portfolio are available, including new products.
Office 2007: FrontPage is out, blogging is in
In a move which
reflects the changing face of the Web,
with advanced users scaling up to
Dreamweaver and blogs becoming the new
home page, Microsoft has closed the
book on its 10-year-old Web site
authoring software.
In its place are two new programs
aimed at developers and designers,
while Word 2007 now doubles as a
blogging client.
Rumors about Check Point After EMC Completing RSA's acquisition
Today EMC announces the completion of their acquisition of RSA, fully joining the ranks of big security players. What I like most about this acquisition is that it was accompanied by a well articulated plan to create a business around protecting data and the infrastructure that contains it. EMC has stated the size of that business is expected to grow quickly to over $1 billion. Obviously that means more acquisitions. So they are heralding the consummation of the RSA deal with an announcement that EMC is acquiring Network Intelligence, a security event management (SEM) product vendor.
Javascript: Speak to Your International Users
Navigator 4.0 and above adds a navigator.language property. This read-only property is a two-letter code that corresponds to the browser's default language. The codes conform to the international ISO 639 standard. The code "en" designates English. Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 and later, on the other hand, adds three read-only language-related properties: browserLanguage, systemLanguage, and userLanguage.
Hacking With Javascript
Javascript is used as a client side scripting language, meaning that your browser is what interprets it. It is used on webpages and is secure (for the most part) since it cannot touch any files on your hard drive (besides cookies). It also cannot read/write any files on the server. Knowing javascript can help you in both creating dynamic webpages, meaning webpages that change, and hacking. First I will start with the basic javascript syntax, then I will list a few sites where you can learn more, and then I will list a few ways you can use javascript to hack.
SonicWALL Email Security
The SonicWALL Email Security line, the result of the vendor's acquisition of MailFrontier earlier this year, provides perimeter-based E-mail security functions for the organization, including anti-spam, anti-phishing, and anti-virus, among other capabilities for both inbound and outbound E-mail transmissions.
Checkpoint SPLAT Link Aggregation and High Availability with Bonding
Networking vendors have long offered a functionality for aggregating bandwidth across multiple physical links to a switch. This allows a machine (frequently a server) to treat multiple physical connections to switch units as a single logical link. The standard moniker for this technology is IEEE 802.3ad, although it is known by the common names of trunking, port trunking and link aggregation. The conventional use of bonding under linux is an implementation of this link aggregation.
Check Point Software: Battle Hardened
He may be an American, but Jerry Ungerman displays Israeli-style stoicism when it comes to the effects of war on his company, Check Point Software Technologies. The developer of computer security software has 600 employees in its hometown of Tel Aviv.
Windows Mobile 5 VPN client
From a PDA you can connect to your Checkpoint firewall through a VPN connection if you are using a version of Checkpoint Secureclient for Windows Mobile 5. Some devices are supported and some others aren't.
Ekahau Honored by The Wall Street Journal
Ekahau Inc., a leading provider of Wi-Fi-based Real Time Location Systems (RTLS), this week was recognized in a special section featuring The Wall Street Journal’s 2006 Technology Innovation Awards contest winners. Now in its sixth year, the contest honors technologies that represent a breakthrough from conventional methods rather than incremental improvements to existing technology.
MySQL My Frequent Commands
MySQL is a database with which I work really happily for already several years. Transaction wise in one of my project, I have more than 60'000 entries per day in a database. This works smoothly and let me say that mySQL can really scale up for important projects.
Here below I provide you with some of the commands I use the most often. If this can be of any help, I'll be glad.
Raccordement D'un coupleur de Phase
Raccorder un réseau Wifi par le biais d'un
coupleur de phase de manière à avoir tout
un étage ou toute une maison permet d'avoir
une transmission du signal sur toutes les
prises.
Ouverture de la FAQ sur le CPL
Nous mettons à
disposition un nouveau document qui
contient des réponses qux questions
les plus fréquentes sur le courant
porteur de ligne.
MS06-040 exploits appear...again
Several security organizations today are reporting new increased exploits of a critical Windows server service vulnerability patched by the MS06-040 security bulletin, but Microsoft officials still insist the attacks should be limited.